Mandibular torus, also known as torus mandibularis (singular) or tori mandibulares (plural), is a bony growth that develops on the inner surface of the lower jaw, or mandible. These bony protrusions are typically found along the midline of the jaw, beneath the tongue.

Here are some key points about mandibular tori:

1. Appearance: Mandibular tori appear as smooth, rounded, or bumpy masses of bone. They can vary in size and shape, ranging from small nodules to larger, more pronounced growths. In some cases, they may be symmetrical, with tori present on both sides of the jaw.
2. Causes: The exact cause of mandibular tori is not fully understood, but they are believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Chronic mechanical stress or irritation in the mouth, such as teeth clenching or grinding (bruxism), may contribute to their development.
3. Prevalence: Mandibular tori are relatively common, with prevalence rates varying among different populations. They are more frequently observed in certain ethnic groups, such as Inuit, Native Americans, and Asians, but can occur in individuals of any ethnicity.
4. Symptoms: In many cases, mandibular tori do not cause any symptoms and are discovered incidentally during routine dental exams or radiographic imaging. However, larger tori may cause discomfort or difficulty with oral hygiene, speech, or eating, particularly if they interfere with the placement of dental prostheses or appliances.
5. Treatment: Mandibular tori typically do not require treatment unless they cause significant symptoms or interfere with oral function. In such cases, surgical removal of the tori may be recommended. However, because tori are benign and tend to grow slowly, treatment is usually only considered if necessary for symptomatic relief or to facilitate dental procedures.
6. Prognosis: The prognosis for individuals with mandibular tori is generally good. Surgical removal of tori is usually successful and does not typically result in recurrence. However, as with any surgical procedure, there are risks associated with anesthesia, infection, and postoperative complications that should be discussed with a healthcare provider.

In summary, mandibular tori are benign bony growths that develop along the inner surface of the lower jaw. While they often do not cause any symptoms and may not require treatment, individuals experiencing discomfort or functional impairment should consult a dentist or oral surgeon for evaluation and appropriate management options.